The effectiveness of using the conversion ladder on the critical thinking skills of grade III students at Elementary School 36 South Pontianak

Salsa Wulandari; Agung Hartoyo; Y. Touvan Juni Samodra; Procopio B. Dafun JR

doi:10.33578/jpfkip.v15i1.27-41

Authors

Salsa Wulandari Department of Elementary Teacher Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia Author
Agung Hartoyo Department of Elementary Teacher Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia Author
Y. Touvan Juni Samodra Department of Elementary Teacher Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia Author
Procopio B. Dafun JR Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Sciences,Mariano Marcos State University, Philippines Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33578/jpfkip.v15i1.27-41

Keywords:

critical thinking, conversion ladder media, length measurement, elementary school

Abstract

Elementary school students’ critical thinking skills in learning length unit conversions remain relatively low and require concrete instructional support. This study examined the effectiveness of conversion ladder media in improving third-grade students' critical thinking skills at elementary school 36 South Pontianak. A one-group pretest–posttest design was employed with 24 students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a matching test based on six critical thinking indicators proposed by Facione. The Wilcoxon test revealed a significant improvement (p = 0.001 < 0.05), with mean scores increasing from 30.83 (pretest) to 76.46 (posttest). An effect size of 1.95 indicated a high level of effectiveness. These findings demonstrate that conversion ladder media effectively enhance elementary school students’ critical thinking skills in mathematics.

References

Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164485451012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164485451012

Aini, F., Edriati, S., & Pratama, A. (2023). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Padang. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 7(1), 2425–2430. https://jptam.org/index.php/jptam/article/view/5576

Annisa, F., Maulidiya, & Rahmawati, S. (2022). Meta Analisis Penggunaan Alat Peraga Terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa di Sekolah Dasar. Conference of Elementary Studies, 99–105. https://journal.um-surabaya.ac.id/Pro/article/view/14914

Argaruri, Y., Sulianto, J., Listyarini, I., & Dewi Natalia Kristanti Santi Puspita Rini. (2023). Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Konkret Dalam Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Matematika Peserta Didik SDN Kalicari 01 Semarang. INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research, 3(2), 189–201. https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/305

Arthi, M. P., & Gandhimathi, S. N. S. (2025). Research trends and network approach of critical thinking skills in English Language Teaching – A bibliometric analysis implementing R studio. Heliyon, 11(2), e42080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42080

Azetfika, N., Sari, Y., Fitri, T., Nate, R., & Asparina. (2024). Pengembangan Media Tangga Pintar Untuk Memudahkan Siswa Dalam Memahami Materi Satuan Panjang di MIN 1 Aceh Tengah. Jurnal Caksana: Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 7(2), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.31326/jcpaud.v7i2.2404

Berg, C., Philipp, R., & Taff, S. D. (2023). Scoping Review of Critical Thinking Literature in Healthcare Education. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 37(1), 18–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380577.2021.1879411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07380577.2021.1879411

Bhuttah, T. M., Xusheng, Q., Abid, M. N., & Sharma, S. (2024). Enhancing student critical thinking and learning outcomes through innovative pedagogical approaches in higher education: the mediating role of inclusive leadership. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 24362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75379-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75379-0

Butler, H. A. (2024). Predicting Everyday Critical Thinking: A Review of Critical Thinking Assessments. Journal of Intelligence, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12020016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12020016

Catania, A., Coutts, K. A., & Barber, N. (2024). Exploring perceptions of factors aiding the development of critical thinking in adult dysphagia: A study among fourth-year speech-language pathology students. Clinical Teacher, 21(1), e13674. https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13674

Desrita. (2025). Penggunaan Media Digital Interaktif Untuk Meningkatkan Minat Belajar PAI pada Siswa Kelas IV SDN No. 119/11 Pedukun. JIPT : Journal Of Indonesian Professional Teacher, 1(2), 173–185.

Ernawati, Prawiyogi, A. G., & Prihamdani, D. (2020). Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Sekolah Dasar dalam Menulis Laporan Pengamatan. IJPSE: Indonesian Journal of Primary School Education, 1(2), 299–307.

Erviana, V. Y., & Muslimah, M. (2019). Pengembangan media pembelajaran tangga pintar materi penjumlahan dan pengurangan kelas I sekolah dasar. Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Pendidikan, 11(1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpipfip.v11i1.23798 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/jpipfip.v11i1.23798

Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction. The California Academic Press, 423(c), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804632

Falcó-Pegueroles, A., Rodríguez-Martín, D., Ramos-Pozón, S., & Zuriguel-Pérez, E. (2021). Critical thinking in nursing clinical practice, education and research: From attitudes to virtue. Nursing Philosophy, 22(1), e12332. https://doi.org/10.1111/nup.12332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nup.12332

Fitriyani, L. (2022). Media Tangga Konversi Berbantuan Lagu Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika. Journal of Elementary Education Research, 1(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.56322/jeer.v1i1.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56322/jeer.v1i1.4

Frasandy, R. N., & Anggaraini, S. (2021). Hubungan Penggunaan Media Nyata Dengan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Peserta Didik. Elementeris : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar Islam, 3(2), 43. https://doi.org/10.33474/elementeris.v3i2.11026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33474/elementeris.v3i2.11026

Gatot Muhsetyo. (2021). Pembelajaran matematika berdasarkan KBK. In Pembelajaran Matematika SD (pp. 1–47). Universitas Terbuka.

Gilmore, C. (2023). Understanding the complexities of mathematical cognition: A multi-level framework. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 76(9), 1953–1972. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218231175325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218231175325

Hakkoymaz, S. (2025). The contributions of children’s libraries in disadvantaged areas to critical thinking skills. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 58, 101882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101882

Haniva, P., Marta, R., & Rizal, M. S. (2024). Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Melalui Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning Siswa di Sekolah Dasar. Pedadidaktika : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 11(1), 89–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/pedadidaktika.v11i1.69200

Hayati, P. N., & Rahmawati, I. (2017). Pengaruh Media Tangsapan Terhadap Hasil Belajar Pada Materi Pengukuran Panjang Siswa Kelas 3 Tema 6 Subtema 1 SDN Babatan I Surabaya. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 5(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.26740/jrpd.v3n1.p346-350

Heimann, M., Hedendahl, L., Ottmer, E., Kolling, T., Koch, F.-S., Thornberg, U. B., & Sundqvist, A. (2021). 2-Year-Olds Learning From 2D Media With and Without Parental Support : Comparing Two Forms of Joint Media Engagement With Passive Viewing and Learning From 3D. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576940 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576940

Junaidi, J. (2019). Peran Media Pembelajaran Dalam Proses Belajar Mengajar. Diklat Review : Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Dan Pelatihan, 3(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35446/diklatreview.v3i1.349

Kandia, I. W., Suarningsih, N. M., Wahdah, W., Arifin, A., Jenuri, J., & Suwarma, D. M. (2023). The Strategic Role of Learning Media in Optimizing Student Learning Outcomes. Journal of Education Research, 4(2), 508–514. https://doi.org/10.37985/jer.v4i2.193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37985/jer.v4i2.193

Karim, K., & Normaya, N. (2015). Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa dalam Pembelajaran dalam Pembelajaran Matematika dengan Menggunakan Model Jucama di Sekolah Menengah Pertama. EDU-MAT: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.20527/edumat.v3i1.634 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20527/edumat.v3i1.634

Kharissidqi, M. T., & Firmansyah, V. W. (2022). Aplikasi Canva Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Yang Efektif. Indonesian Journal Of Education and Humanity, 2(4).

Kurniasih, R., & Hakim, D. L. (2019). Berpikir kritis siswa dalam materi segiempat. Prosiding Sesiomadika, 2(1e), 1135–1145.

Lidiani, S. A., & Indarini, E. (2023). Penerapan Model 3 CM Learning Berbantuan Media Konkret Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis dan Hasil Belajar Matematika. PIONIR: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN, 12(3), 185–198. https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/Pionir/article/view/21368 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22373/pjp.v12i3.21368

Maharani, I., & Hidayah Putri, J. (2023). Relevansi Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Matematika. EDUSAINTEK: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains Dan Teknologi, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.47668/edusaintek.v10i1.719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47668/edusaintek.v10i1.719

Mahmudi, A., Kusumanungsih, W., & Mushafanah, Q. (2023). Analisis Penggunaan Media Konkret Dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Kelas 2 Materi Pengukuran Di SD Supriyadi 02 Kota Semarang. Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD FKIP Universitas Mandiri, 9(2), 4140–4150. https://doi.org/10.36989/didaktik.v9i2.1086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36989/didaktik.v9i2.1086

Maimunah, M. (2016). Metode Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran. Al-Afkar : Jurnal Keislaman & Peradaban, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.28944/afkar.v5i1.107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.28944/afkar.v5i1.107

Maulidiyah, N. K., Sudarsini, S., & Sunandar, A. (2019). Operasi Hitung Sederhana dengan Media Tangga Pintar Anak Tunagrahita. Jurnal ORTOPEDAGOGIA, 5(2), 96. https://doi.org/10.17977/um031v5i22019p96-99 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17977/um031v5i22019p96-99

Meyra Rahma, A., & Hima, L. R. (2023). Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Matematika Melalui Alat Peraga Tangga Pintar Satuan Panjang pada Siswa Kelas V SDN Pranggang 3. EDUKASIA: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 4(2), 2683–2688. http://jurnaledukasia.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v4i2.649

Moto, M. M. (2019). Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran dalam Dunia Pendidikan. Indonesian Journal of Primary Education, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.17509/ijpe.v3i1.16060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijpe.v3i1.16060

Mudtalifah, Mansur, & Farhurohman, O. (2024). Pengaruh Media Counting Box Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran Matematika. Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD FKIP Universitas Mandiri, 10(2), 422–436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v10i01.23863

Mukarromah, A., & Andriana, M. (2022). Peranan Guru dalam Mengembangkan Media Pembelajaran. Journal of Science and Education Research, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.62759/jser.v1i1.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62759/jser.v1i1.7

Nabilah, F. F., Hendrawan, B., & Nugraha, M. F. (2020). Pengembangan Media Animasi PTG Berbantuan Adobe Animate CC Materi Satuan Panjang Kelas IV SDN 2 Cintaraja. Jurnal PGSD: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 13(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.33369/pgsd.13.2.93-100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33369/pgsd.13.2.93-100

Nafisa, D., & Wardono. (2019). Model Pembelajaran Discovery Learning Berbantuan Multimedia Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa. PRISMA, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Matematika, 2, 854–861.

Nirwana, Khaeruddin, K., & Husniati, A. (2022). Perbandingan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Hasil Belajar IPA Melalui Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) Berbantu Media Visual pada Materi Sistem Pencernaan Siswa Kelas V SDN 3 Surutanga Palopo. EduTech: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sosial, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.30596/edutech.v8i2.11275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30596/edutech.v8i2.11275

Norrizqa, H. (2021). Berpikir Kritis dalam Pembelajaran IPA. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan IPA. https://jbse.ulm.ac.id/index.php/PMPIPA/article/view/37

Novitasari, K. A., Januar, H., Suneki, S., & Tunjungsari, D. R. (2023). Media Tangga Pintar Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Educatio FKIP UNMA, 9(3), 1500–1506. https://doi.org/10.31949/educatio.v9i3.5154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31949/educatio.v9i3.5154

Noviyanti, R., Tundjung, & Prasetya, Y. B. (2020). Workshop Media Pembelajaran Infografis Bagi Guru Mata Pelajaran Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Alternatif Di Madrasah Aliyah Tansyitul Muta’allimiin. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Ilmu Keguruan Dan Pendidikan, 3(2).

Nurbaiti, N., & Kustin, F. (2022). Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Tentang Satuan Panjang Melalui Metode Bernyanyi Bagi Kelas V Upt SD Negeri 182 Gresik. JURNAL JIPDAS (JURNAL ILMIAH PENDIDIKAN DASAR), 2(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.37081/jipdas.v2i4.1279

Nurfadhillah, S., Ningsih, D. A., Ramadhania, P. R., & Sifa, U. N. (2021). Peranan Media Pembelajaran Dalam Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Siswa SD Negeri Kohod III. PENSA : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sosial, 3(2), 243–255.

Nurrita, T. (2018). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa. Jurnal Misykat, 03(01), 171–187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33511/misykat.v3n1.171

Nuryanti, L., Zubaidah, S., & Diantoro, M. (2018). Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa SMP. Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, Dan Pengembangan, 3(2).

Nuwa, A. A. I., Deme, C. M. Y., Una, L. M. W., Itu, M. A., Pare, M. I. T., & Lawe, Y. U. (2023). Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Kelas 3 SD Pada Pembelajaran IPA Melalui Metode Diskusi. 4th Annual Proceeding, Januari 2023, STKIP Citra Bakti, Bajawa, NTT, 24–35. https://jurnalilmiahcitrabakti.ac.id/jil/index.php/jcpa/article/view/1524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.38048/jcpa.v2i1.1524

Prananda, G., Friska, S. Y., & Susilawati, W. O. (2021). Pengaruh Media Konkret Terhadap Hasil Belajar Materi Operasi Hitung Campuran Bilangan Bulat Siswa Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar. JEMS (Jurnal Edukasi Matematika Dan Sains), 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.25273/jems.v9i1.8421

Purwaningsih, A. S., & Harjono, N. (2023). Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw Untuk Meningkatkan Berpikir Kritis dan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Educatio FKIP UNMA, 9(3), 1204–1212. https://doi.org/10.31949/educatio.v9i3.5083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31949/educatio.v9i3.5083

Putra, R. E., & Clara, N. (2020). Penggunaan Alat Peraga Sederhana Tangga Satuan Berat Dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Dengan Metode Demonstrasi. Jurnal Muara Pendidikan, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.52060/mp.v5i1.263 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52060/mp.v5i1.263

Rahayu, N., & Alyani, F. (2020). Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Matematis Ditinjau Dari Adversity Quotient. Prima: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 4(2). https://jurnal.umt.ac.id/index.php/prima/article/view/2668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31000/prima.v4i2.2668

Rahmawati, I. (2023). Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Anak Tangga Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Pelajaran Matematika Materi Satuan Panjang Kelas Iii Mi Nurus Syakur Ledokombo Jember. AL-ASHR: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Dasar, 8(1), 65–76. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382004240_Pengaruh_Penggunaan_Media_Anak_Tangga_Terhadap_Hasil_Belajar_Siswa_Pelajaran_Matematika_Materi_Satuan_Panjang_Kelas_III_MI_Nurus_Syakur_Ledokombo_Jember DOI: https://doi.org/10.56013/alashr.v8i1.2304

Richards, J. B., Hayes, M. M., & Schwartzstein, R. M. (2020). Teaching Clinical Reasoning and Critical Thinking: From Cognitive Theory to Practical Application. Chest, 158(4), 1617–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.525 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.525

Rizqiyah, S., Astutik, S., Apriyanto, B., Pangastuti, E. I., & Nurdin, E. A. (2023). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran EXO-OLO Task dengan Bantuan Media Spinning Question Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Hasil Belajar Geografi Siswa SMA. Majalah Pembelajaran Geografi, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.19184/pgeo.v6i1.36600 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19184/pgeo.v6i1.36600

Rongga, M., Kua, M. Y., Yanuarius, P., Pare, D., & Dinatha, N. M. (2024). Penggunaan Alat Peraga Tangga Konversi Satuan dengan Metode Demonstrasi di Kelas VII SMPN 1 Soa. Konstruktivisme: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 16(2), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.35457/konstruk.v16i2.3565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35457/konstruk.v16i2.3565

Rukminingsih, Adnan, G., & Latief, M. A. (2020). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Penelitian Kuantitatif, Penelitian Kualitatif, Penelitian Tindakan Kelas. Erhaka Utama.

Sa’adah, Z., Zainuddin, A., & Isnainingsih, S. (2024). Peningkatan Pemahaman Siswa Materi Hubungan Antar Satuan Panjang Berbasis Media Smart Stairs Terintegrasi E-Worksheet di Kelas III SD Ta’mirul Islam Surakarta. Jurnal Review Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 7(4), 12153–12162. https://journal.universitaspahlawan.ac.id/jrpp/article/view/34003

Saputro, K. H., Amita, P., & Prasasti. (2023). Upaya Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Siswa Kelas IV Sdn Padas Pada Pelajaran Matematika Melalui Penggunaan Media Benda Konkret. Pendas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 8(2).

Sari, A. A. I., & Lutfi, A. (2023). Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Matematika melalui Pendekatan Inkuiri. Jurnal Simki Pedagogia, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.29407/jsp.v6i1.225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29407/jsp.v6i1.225

Sugiyono. (2021). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Kombinasi, R&D, dan Penelitian Pendidikan) (Edisi 3). Alfabeta, CV.

Sulistriani, S., Santoso, J., & Oktaviani, S. (2021). Peran Guru Sebagai Fasilitator Dalam Pembelajaran Ipa Di Sekolah Dasar. Journal Of Elementary School Education (JOuESE), 1(2), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.52657/jouese.v1i2.1517 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52657/jouese.v1i2.1517

Susianita, D., & Koto, I. (2019). Pengaruh Penerapan Model Discovery Learning melalui Media Nyata Terhadap Kemampuan Konseptual dan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Pada Pembelajaran IPA Kelas IV SD Negeri 45 Kota Bengkulu. Jurnal Pembelajaran Dan Pengajaran Pendidikan Dasar, 2(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.33369/dikdas.v2i1.8679 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33369/dikdas.v2i1.8679

Wahyu Ariyani, O., & Prasetyo, T. (2021). Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dan Problem Solving terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i3.892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i3.892

Wijaya, R., Vioreza, N., & Marpaung, J. B. (2021). Penggunaan Media Konkret dalam Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Matematika. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan STKIP Kusuma Negara III, 579–587.

Yang, K.-L., Chen, C.-H., & Wu, W.-R. (2026). Exploring critical and reflective thinking in mathematical literacy through variable- and person-centered approaches. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 60, 102127. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TSC.2026.102127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2026.102127

Yi, D., Low, S., Ali, I., & Tang, S. Y. (2026). Education for Chemical Engineers Improving student motivation and learning in chemical engineering education : A case of scanning electron microscopy with virtual 3D technology. Education for Chemical Engineers, 54(October 2025), 100498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2025.100498 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2025.100498

Zakiah, & Khairi, F. (2019). Pengaruh Kemampuan Kognitif Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas V Sdn Gugus 01 Kecamatan Selaparang. El Midad, 11(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.20414/elmidad.v11i1.1906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20414/elmidad.v11i1.1906

Zhan, Z., Zhong, X., Lin, Z., & Tan, R. (2024). Exploring the effect of VR-enhanced teaching aids in STEAM education: An embodied cognition perspective. Computers and Education: X Reality, 4, 100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cexr.2024.100067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cexr.2024.100067